Abcs Of Survival Water Purification Systems
Filtration is the removal of contaminants from waters to get waters that is fit for normal domestic consumption or for irrigation of fields and also for industrial uses (eg. For use by establishments for food). With the gradual depletion of natural sources of drinking waters (deep waters), is increasingly resorting to surface waters (seas, rivers, lakes and dams) (survival water purification systems).
These sources of supply, due to specific characteristics of waters and / or the degree of pollution, must be subjected to cycles of treatments of filtration necessary to modify the characteristics and improve its quality. Often, this happens even for the deep waters with a high content of organic substances and a high microbial contamination, especially if they are present faecal bacteria (eg. Coliforms).
Filtration is a treatment used to remove suspended solids from the waters not sediment. Treatment consists in passing the raw waters through a filter medium (bed / filter layer or filter cloth). In case of filter layer, the filter material can be made from quartz sand, anthracite or activated charcoal. During filtration the filtered solids gradually begin to clog the filtering layer resulting in an increase of load losses, which is increased to overcome the supply pressure. Exceeded the maximum value of said pressure must be made to interruption of flow and to cleaning of filter medium.
The filtering layer resting on a draining bottom, which has the function of: surface filters: filtration takes place through filter cloths which prevent the passage from the materials above the size of blind holes (not es.tessuto tissue; in this case the particles are retained on the surface of filter media forming a layer of material that retains the subsequent particles.
Physical and chemical treatments normal and driven: they are divided into several phases and eliminate non-settleable suspended solids (flocculation) and correct the chemical characteristics of waters by eliminating the dissolved substances that are incompatible with the use to which the waters is bound (softening, stabilization, removal of iron, manganese, desilication, fluoridation and defluoration, aeration).
Treatments: also divided into several phases, improve the organoleptic characteristics of waters (adsorption on activated carbon) and lower the content of dissolved solids (demineralization). The interventions of this type are provided, when necessary, upstream of treatment processes of filtration real, and allow the removal of materials and substances which by their nature and size are likely to damage the equipment and compromise the efficiency of subsequent treatment stages.
The filters are formed from cylindrical vessels made of reinforced concrete on the bottom of which special shelves, provided with an adequate number of holes, support the filtering mass. The filter bed consists of fine sand / fine or other material minute. The filter bed is supported by an underlying layer of material, also the filter, formed by a layer of coarse gravel and the overlying layers of gravel gradually finer (mattress draining).
The sedimentation is carried out in special tanks, called decanters, within which the waters moves in a laminar flow as possible for a time sufficient to allow the sedimentation of heavier particles. Decanters flow or vertical upward flow are generally circular section. Inse tanks the entrance of waters can be centrally from above; in this case waters, to be able to escape from the tank itself is forced along a tortuous path; in fact must first move vertically downwards in order to pass beneath a baffle concentric, said fireplace, subsequently, passed over the obstacle fireplace, must rise and exceed a weir located along the perimeter of tub.
These sources of supply, due to specific characteristics of waters and / or the degree of pollution, must be subjected to cycles of treatments of filtration necessary to modify the characteristics and improve its quality. Often, this happens even for the deep waters with a high content of organic substances and a high microbial contamination, especially if they are present faecal bacteria (eg. Coliforms).
Filtration is a treatment used to remove suspended solids from the waters not sediment. Treatment consists in passing the raw waters through a filter medium (bed / filter layer or filter cloth). In case of filter layer, the filter material can be made from quartz sand, anthracite or activated charcoal. During filtration the filtered solids gradually begin to clog the filtering layer resulting in an increase of load losses, which is increased to overcome the supply pressure. Exceeded the maximum value of said pressure must be made to interruption of flow and to cleaning of filter medium.
The filtering layer resting on a draining bottom, which has the function of: surface filters: filtration takes place through filter cloths which prevent the passage from the materials above the size of blind holes (not es.tessuto tissue; in this case the particles are retained on the surface of filter media forming a layer of material that retains the subsequent particles.
Physical and chemical treatments normal and driven: they are divided into several phases and eliminate non-settleable suspended solids (flocculation) and correct the chemical characteristics of waters by eliminating the dissolved substances that are incompatible with the use to which the waters is bound (softening, stabilization, removal of iron, manganese, desilication, fluoridation and defluoration, aeration).
Treatments: also divided into several phases, improve the organoleptic characteristics of waters (adsorption on activated carbon) and lower the content of dissolved solids (demineralization). The interventions of this type are provided, when necessary, upstream of treatment processes of filtration real, and allow the removal of materials and substances which by their nature and size are likely to damage the equipment and compromise the efficiency of subsequent treatment stages.
The filters are formed from cylindrical vessels made of reinforced concrete on the bottom of which special shelves, provided with an adequate number of holes, support the filtering mass. The filter bed consists of fine sand / fine or other material minute. The filter bed is supported by an underlying layer of material, also the filter, formed by a layer of coarse gravel and the overlying layers of gravel gradually finer (mattress draining).
The sedimentation is carried out in special tanks, called decanters, within which the waters moves in a laminar flow as possible for a time sufficient to allow the sedimentation of heavier particles. Decanters flow or vertical upward flow are generally circular section. Inse tanks the entrance of waters can be centrally from above; in this case waters, to be able to escape from the tank itself is forced along a tortuous path; in fact must first move vertically downwards in order to pass beneath a baffle concentric, said fireplace, subsequently, passed over the obstacle fireplace, must rise and exceed a weir located along the perimeter of tub.
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